{"id":39480,"date":"2013-11-14T20:59:58","date_gmt":"2013-11-15T01:59:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/latamjournalismreview.org\/?p=39480"},"modified":"2021-10-26T18:10:25","modified_gmt":"2021-10-26T23:10:25","slug":"leis-de-transparencia-apresentam-desafios-profissionais-e-institucionais-em-mexico-guatemala-e-nicaragua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/latamjournalismreview.org\/pt-br\/articles\/leis-de-transparencia-apresentam-desafios-profissionais-e-institucionais-em-mexico-guatemala-e-nicaragua\/","title":{"rendered":"Leis de transpar\u00eancia apresentam desafios profissionais e institucionais em M\u00e9xico, Guatemala e Nicar\u00e1gua"},"content":{"rendered":"

Por Alejandro Mart\u00ednez<\/em><\/p>\n

Depois de d\u00e9cadas de uma cultura de sigilo\u00a0praticamente impenetr\u00e1vel\u00a0no\u00a0governo mexicano, em 2002 o M\u00e9xico aprovou a Lei Federal de Transpar\u00eancia e Acesso \u00e0 Informa\u00e7\u00e3o P\u00fablica Governamental. Desde ent\u00e3o, se tornou um\u00a0modelo internacional\u00a0frequentemente citado sobre como outros governos deveriam\u00a0elaborar suas pr\u00f3prias leis de transpar\u00eancia.<\/p>\n

Contudo, durante o\u00a011\u00ba F\u00f3rum de Austin\u00a0do Centro Knight para o Jornalismo nas Am\u00e9ricas<\/strong><\/a>, que abordou\u00a0este ano os temas de transpar\u00eancia e presta\u00e7\u00e3o de contas, a jornalista mexicana e profesora da Universidade Ibero Americana, Margarita Torres, disse que a lei n\u00e3o \u00e9 perfeita e que os jornalistas n\u00e3o a utilizam\u00a0tanto quanto deveriam.<\/p>\n

Em uma sess\u00e3o\u00a0sobre a transpar\u00eancia no M\u00e9xico, na Guatemala e na Nicar\u00e1gua, os painelistas discutiram\u00a0os avan\u00e7os e os desafios pendentes na implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de leis de informa\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica nestes pa\u00edses.<\/p>\n

Apesar de alguns jornalistas terem se tornado especialistas no uso da lei e desenvolvido investiga\u00e7\u00f5es importantes de interesse p\u00fablico com ela,\u00a0Torres disse\u00a0que esses casos s\u00e3o\u00a0ainda muito poucos e distantes entre si. Muitos jornalistas no M\u00e9xico continuam\u00a0sofrendo de \u201cdeclaracionite\u201d, ou da depend\u00eancia de declara\u00e7\u00f5es\u00a0para escrever artigos. Estas mat\u00e9rias geralmente\u00a0se limitam\u00a0a s\u00f3 citar o que disseram os funcion\u00e1rios do\u00a0governo, oferecendo pouco contraste e carecendo de an\u00e1lise, disse Torres.<\/p>\n

O uso frequente e eficaz das leis de transpar\u00eancia do pa\u00eds pode ajudar a solucionar o\u00a0problema.<\/p>\n

\u201cEsta informa\u00e7\u00e3o pode nos ajudar\u00a0a compreender o que tem ocorrido no\u00a0M\u00e9xico nos \u00faltimos anos\u201d, disse.<\/p>\n

Apesar das mudan\u00e7as recentes na lei -- uma reforma que foi aprovada este ano\u00a0vai exigir que\u00a0os\u00a0sindicatos e organiza\u00e7\u00f5es sem fins\u00a0lucrativos que recebam fundos p\u00fablicos\u00a0cumpram\u00a0com os pedidos\u00a0de informa\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica -- outro obst\u00e1culo\u00a0\u00e9 que o marco jur\u00eddico da transpar\u00eancia no M\u00e9xico n\u00e3o \u00e9 homog\u00eaneo. Todas as institui\u00e7\u00f5es federais devem cumprir a lei, por\u00e9m, cada um dos 32 estados do pa\u00eds tem sua\u00a0pr\u00f3pria\u00a0lei de transpar\u00eancia, resultando em uma implementa\u00e7\u00e3o desigual em\u00a0todo o pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n

Para Torres, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio que os jornalistas melhorem\u00a0seu conhecimento das estruturas governamentais e a forma de fazer pedidos de informa\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica efetivos.<\/p>\n

No mesmo painel, a jornalista guatemalteca\u00a0Alejandra Guti\u00e9rrez Valdizan, do site de not\u00edcias independente\u00a0Plaza P\u00fablica, tamb\u00e9m falou sobre a lei de acesso \u00e0 Informa\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica em seu pa\u00eds, aprovada em\u00a02008.<\/p>\n

Guti\u00e9rrez descreveu\u00a0a aprova\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0da lei como um avan\u00e7o\u00a0positivo\u00a0que promove a maior transpar\u00eancia poss\u00edvel entre as institui\u00e7\u00f5es governamentais. Contudo, Guti\u00e9rrez disse\u00a0que a lei n\u00e3o incluiu nenhuma san\u00e7\u00e3o pelo seu descumprimento ou criou um organismo regulador que\u00a0responda \u00e0s quest\u00f5es relativas \u00e0 aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da lei.<\/p>\n

Guti\u00e9rrez disse que a aprova\u00e7\u00e3o da lei n\u00e3o significa que o pa\u00eds tenha ultrapassado sua cultura de opacidade, mais\u00a0grave em \u00e2mbito local.<\/p>\n

Recentemente, Plaza P\u00fablica solicitou uma s\u00e9rie de dados de 75 institui\u00e7\u00f5es governamentais, como os nomes das pessoas que trabalham\u00a0ali, seus sal\u00e1rios e seus curr\u00edculos. A partir do pedido, Plaza P\u00fablica encontrou que cada institui\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0responde de uma forma. N\u00e3o h\u00e1 um m\u00e9todo padr\u00e3o para organizar a informa\u00e7\u00e3o e ela est\u00e1 descentralizada, Guti\u00e9rrez acrescentou.<\/p>\n

Plaza P\u00fablica concluiu que as organiza\u00e7\u00f5es mais opacas foram aquelas relacionadas com o setor privado, como a energia e a minera\u00e7\u00e3o. Em um pa\u00eds onde o\u00a0setor privado se manteve\u00a0em grande parte livre de regula\u00e7\u00f5es governamentais durante\u00a0anos, Guti\u00e9rrez disse\u00a0que \u00e9\u00a0importante saber que\u00a0impostos pagam e que campanhas pol\u00edticas patrocinam.<\/p>\n

Finalmente, Leonor Z\u00fa\u00f1iga com o Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es em Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, falou do acesso \u00e0 informa\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica na Nicar\u00e1gua durante o governo do presidente Daniel Ortega.<\/p>\n

Se o\u00a0pa\u00eds deu um passo importante\u00a0quando\u00a0aprovou uma lei de acesso em 2007 e\u00a0modernizou os sites do\u00a0governo, Z\u00fa\u00f1iga disse\u00a0que continua sendo muito dif\u00edcil encontrar informa\u00e7\u00e3o importante sobre\u00a0as atividades das institui\u00e7\u00f5es governamentais.<\/p>\n

Z\u00fa\u00f1iga descreveu\u00a0a lei como curta e simples, que se limita a explicar como solicitar informa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s institui\u00e7\u00f5es. Como na Guatemala, a lei n\u00e3o estabelece san\u00e7\u00f5es quando os funcion\u00e1rios p\u00fablicos n\u00e3o respondem \u00e0s solicita\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

Em geral, Z\u00fa\u00f1iga disse\u00a0que permanece dif\u00edcil obter informa\u00e7\u00e3o do\u00a0governo, inclusive em seus\u00a0n\u00edveis mais b\u00e1sicos.\u00a0Por exemplo, Ortega n\u00e3o deu\u00a0uma s\u00f3 coletiva de imprensa entre \u00a02007 e 2012, e os meios de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o\u00a0proibidos de\u00a0fazer perguntas durante\u00a0a grande maioria dos atos p\u00fablicos.<\/p>\n

O departamento central de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o do pa\u00eds\u00a0implementou recentemente uma nova pol\u00edtica de \u201cinforma\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o contaminada\u201d, que tem como objetivo transmitir mensagens do Estado \u00e0 popula\u00e7\u00e3o com o menor n\u00famero de filtros midi\u00e1ticos poss\u00edveis. Al\u00e9m disso, o governo aumentou suas aquisi\u00e7\u00f5es de meios de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o. Todos os canais de televis\u00e3o em VHF, exceto um, pertencem\u00a0\u00e0 fam\u00edlia de Ortega ou a um empres\u00e1rio mexicano que simpatiza\u00a0com o governo, disse\u00a0Z\u00fa\u00f1iga.<\/p>\n

Os participantes\u00a0conclu\u00edram\u00a0enfatizando\u00a0a import\u00e2ncia de desenvolver\u00a0colabora\u00e7\u00f5es entre os jornalistas e as organiza\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o lucrativas\u00a0para seguir pressionando seus governos e promover o uso das leis de transpar\u00eancia.<\/p>\n

Nota do editor: Essa hist\u00f3ria foi publicada originalmente no blog Jornalismo nas Am\u00e9ricas do Centro Knight, o predecessor do LatAm Journalism Review.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Depois de d\u00e9cadas de uma cultura de sigilo\u00a0praticamente impenetr\u00e1vel\u00a0no\u00a0governo mexicano, em 2002 o M\u00e9xico aprovou a Lei Federal de Transpar\u00eancia e Acesso \u00e0 Informa\u00e7\u00e3o P\u00fablica Governamental.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1348],"tags":[1555,1458,1394,1591],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-39480","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-knight-center-pt-br","tag-acesso-a-informacao-pt-br","tag-guatemala-pt-br","tag-mexico-pt-br","tag-nicaragua-pt-br"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLeis de transpar\u00eancia apresentam desafios profissionais e institucionais em M\u00e9xico, Guatemala e Nicar\u00e1gua - LatAm Journalism Review by the Knight Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Leis de transpar\u00eancia apresentam desafios profissionais e institucionais em M\u00e9xico, Guatemala e Nicar\u00e1gua Knight Center. 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