Freedom of Expression Archives

Posts Tagged ‘ Freedom of Expression ’

claudia duque in black and white over a black background

Colombian journalist Claudia Duque rejects government apology over years of psychological torture

Claudia Duque has spent two decades fighting for justice after being spied on and threatened by government agents. So now that the state is finally offering an apology, why is she refusing to accept it?

President Nayib Bukele walks with top security and government officials inside El Salvador’s high-security Terrorism Confinement Center (CECOT), flanked by rows of heavily armed police officers.

El Faro journalists fear arrest after reporting on Bukele’s alleged gang ties

El Faro, the leading investigative outlet in El Salvador, says the government is preparing arrest warrants against its journalists following publication of interviews linking President Nayib Bukele’s political rise to support from gangs.

stock markets falling + journalists in the forefront

Press freedom is eroding in Latin America as the financial viability of independent news outlets grows increasingly uncertain

A new Reporters Without Borders report finds economic instability hurt the media industry in most Latin American countries last year. Nicaragua, under an increasingly repressive dictatorship, overtook Cuba as the region’s worst country for press freedom.

Silvio Monteiro Jr. Speaking at a podium

Scholars say disinformation, political pressure and tech disruption are reshaping journalism in Latin America

Scholars warn that press freedom in Latin America is threatened not only by dictatorships but also by democratic governments and media capture. At the Iberoamerican Colloquium on Digital Journalism, they called for innovative, collaborative responses.

Grupo de personas frente a una audiencia hablando

For Nicaraguan journalists, exile and statelessness are the cost of reporting amid repression

As systematic persecution by the Ortega-Murillo regime forces entire newsrooms to flee, exile has become a defining feature of Nicaraguan journalism. At the Ibero-American Colloquium on Digital Journalism, reporters shared their efforts to report, resist and stay safe.

Black-and-white photograph of Clarice and Vladimir Herzog. Clarice, in the foreground, smiles gently at the camera, while Vladimir, slightly out of focus in the background, looks in her direction. The setting appears to be an indoor space with bookshelves behind them.

Brazil grants reparations to journalist’s widow nearly 50 years after his murder

Clarice Herzog, 83, fought for decades to prove her husband was murdered under Brazil’s dictatorship. But his killers remain unpunished.

'A path to destruction of democracy is forgetfulness’, says Juliana Dal Piva, reporter who wrote book about Brazilian politician’s murder

“Crime without punishment: how the military killed Rubens Paiva" is the result of years of research and journalistic investigation, reconstructing the events that led to Paiva's death. Dal Piva defends the importance of memory and journalistic investigation for understanding this dark period in Brazilian history.

In theory, the purpose of government advertising is to distribute information of public relevance to society.State advertising funds are meant to help governments communicate with the population about the services they provide and public policies they promote, according to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. In practice, however, government advertising funds form a crucial pillar of financial sustainability for many media outlets across Latin America. Without regulations defining how these funds should be distributed or transparency that shows where the money goes, the resources become ripe for corruption. They are frequently used as tools for indirect censorship, punishing independent journalism. These are some conclusions from a study published last week by the Latin American Observatory of Media Regulation and Convergence with support from UNESCO. The study, called "Official Advertising, Media, and Freedom of Expression,” diagnoses existing regulations on official advertising in 11 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and how they are implemented. Journalists, academics, and researchers from independent organizations in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and Uruguay examined state advertising under the coordination of Uruguayan researcher Jimena Torres and guidance from Argentine researcher Santiago Marino. They sought to answer questions like: Are there specific laws regulating government advertising? Are there proactive mechanisms for disclosing these funds? Who is eligible to receive them? The diagnosis is quite negative. Few countries have adequate regulations, and when they do, they are not systematically enforced. In countries with smaller advertising markets, official advertising becomes critical for the sustainability of media outlets, and it is managed without transparency and with political bias. "Due to the absence of regulation and the logic behind its management, government advertising is administered from a friend-or-foe perspective, using very opaque criteria for its distribution," Santiago Marino, the chief researcher, told LatAm Journalism Review (LJR). "This, in turn, conditions both the operation and sustainability of media outlets." Funds without laws From the 11 countries studied, only Brazil, Mexico, and Peru have specific laws determining how government advertising funds should be allocated. But the mere existence of a regulation does not guarantee transparency, fairness, or that official advertising promotes pluralism in communication in any of these countries. Brazil's regulatory framework, from 2008, is the most praised in the study and is considered “sufficiently clear.” It distinguishes between institutional advertising and public-interest advertising, with clear limits on self-promotion by government officials and political parties. However, the allocation of funds is not made easily accessible, requiring more meticulous methods to verify. Additionally, the Brazilian law did not prevent the government of Jair Bolsonaro, in office from 2019 to 2022, from allocating funds to websites that publish false information. Furthermore, allocation criteria are strongly tied to audience size. “This parameter poses a problem for promoting pluralism by maintaining proportional transfers based on audience size, without investing in smaller, independent outlets,” the report says. In Mexico, the General Law on Social Communication, enacted in 2018 and amended in 2023, regulates the issue. However, according to the study, the law leaves room for arbitrary use of government advertising budgets because it does not establish clear rules and has not been effective. In Peru, even with various laws in place, the lack of clear allocation criteria means public entities distribute resources at their discretion. “Independent media, which are mostly critical of incumbent governments, have to seek alternative funding sources, as their stance often makes them targets of resistance to being granted official advertising,” the study says. This vulnerability to political interests is the general rule among the countries studied. “In general, we struggled to find good practices,” Jimena Torres, the study’s coordinator, told LJR. “In many cases, we ended up saying, ‘there are no good practices in this country.’” In Argentina, there is partial regulation for the federal executive branch but not for other branches of government. The study finds significant discretion in allocation, which becomes apparent in funds invested by public companies and other entities not directly under the national government. Argentina also demonstrates “a distribution logic based on rewards and punishments to media outlets or groups according to their editorial stance.” As a result of this practice, several media companies have emerged in recent years, sustained almost exclusively by public funds, the study finds. In Colombia, there is no specific regulation. As a result, ”the multimillion-dollar contracts for government advertising are distributed virtually without adherence to their intended purpose. “For years, they have been repeatedly used to pressure editorial lines or promote certain narratives,” the study says. Marino considers the case of El Salvador, where President Nayib Bukele’s government takes authoritarian measures and persecutes journalists, particularly severe. “There is no regulation whatsoever to frame this activity within an informational pluralism approach,” the report says. “The government has implemented strategies to weaken the media ecosystem, including creating its own media outlets and redirecting official advertising funds to a state-run newspaper and an official news channel.” Geographic concentration Another recurring issue identified by the study is the concentration of resources in capitals and metropolitan areas, disadvantaging regional or local media outlets. “We live in media systems where news production and money are often concentrated in big cities,” said Jimena Torres. “For example, in my country, Uruguay, in a department called Cerro Largo, the main advertiser for local media is the municipality. This means there are often no news stories, or very few, that question what the municipality is doing.” The lack of advertising funds for non-commercial media is another problem, Marino said. Non-profit outlets are often excluded from government advertising, undermining their sustainability and reducing the diversity of voices. The study concludes with 15 recommendations. Among them is the need for “specific, clear, and unequivocal” laws to regulate the issue at all levels of government. The allocation of advertising should generally be through competitive processes, with direct contracts being the exception. Advertising must not serve as propaganda for political parties, and transparency must encompass all actors involved in the distribution of funds. Governments should also implement or promote audience measurement systems that include different types of media and use objective, reliable criteria. These measurements should incorporate data from small, community, and local media outlets to ensure their inclusion in allocating advertisements, avoiding their indirect exclusion. Finally, other public policies are necessary to support journalism, with resources that promote diversity and plurality in media, the study says. “For example, through public funds distributed transparently and non-discriminatorily, separate from government advertising expenditures,” the study concludes. “These resources must not be used to influence or condition the editorial line of these outlets.”

Latin American governments use state advertising to control the press, study finds

The analysis of public advertising in 11 countries across the region shows how governments misuse funds, rewarding loyalists and endangering independent news outlets.

Computer with a site denial message on screen

Journalists in Brazil reflect on how block of X/Twitter will affect their work

We talked to some of Brazil’s top journalists about the ban on X. Many are relieved, but one reports: “There's a gap in coverage that I don't know how to fill.”

A collage of various Chilean newspapers, websites, and magazines, showcasing significant publications from the country's history. The collage includes both contemporary and historical outlets, such as "La Aurora," "El Mercurio," "La Tercera," "La Nación," and "The Clinic". Some covers highlight pivotal historical events in Chile.

Author portrays history of journalism in Chile as constant tension between journalists, media and political power

In the book “Historia del Periodismo en Chile. De La Aurora a las Redes Sociales” ("History of journalism in Chile: from La Aurora to social media"), author Alfredo Sepúlveda explains over more than 500 pages how tensions between media, journalists and political power permeate the entire history of journalism in the country.

UNESCO report confirms quality journalism essential for democracy, accountability and civic engagement

A new UNESCO report confirms what many journalists and researchers have thought: quality journalism is good for democracy, civic engagement and government accountability. Further, public investment in it improves trust from citizens, and promotes human rights and sustainable development.

Five people seated in front of an audience in an auditorium, speaking on a panel. A big screen behind them shows images of Nicaragua

Exile, prison and death: Challenges for journalists in Nicaragua topic of discussion at Ibero-American Colloquium

The situation experienced by Nicaraguan journalists is one of the worst in the region, and was at the center of the debate, alongside examples of resistance and perseverance in the face of adversity, during the panel “Journalism in Nicaragua” at the 17th Ibero-American Colloquium on Digital Journalism.